Clinical Decision Exercise

Building a 4Ps Formulation

Read the vignette, then sort each piece of clinical information into the column where it belongs. When you have placed all fifteen, check your grid against the model formulation. A second task asks you to decide which perpetuating factors you would actually target first.
Estimated time: 15 minutes
Your responses are not saved. Use the print button at the end if you want to keep them.
The Vignette
Renata is 36 and was referred by her family physician for reduced sexual interest, present for roughly fourteen months. Her second child is now sixteen months old.
The delivery involved a second-degree perineal tear, and the repair was slow to heal. She breastfed until eleven months and describes noticeable vaginal dryness through that period. The first attempt at intercourse, at around four months postpartum, was painful and they stopped partway through. She has not attempted penetration since. She returned to work at six months, and both children still wake most nights.
She now notices herself bracing whenever penetration seems possible. A pelvic floor assessment arranged by her physician found increased resting tone. She has stopped hugging or kissing her partner outside of bed, because she does not want to give the wrong impression and then have to explain. Her partner has stopped initiating. She reads this as him losing interest in her; when asked separately, he says he did not want to add pressure.
She does not use lubricant, and says that needing it would mean something was wrong with her. She also says that if the desire were real, it would show up on its own, and that planning it would make it fake.
She grew up in a household where sex was never discussed and says everything she learned came from friends and school. She has had painful periods since adolescence, never investigated. After her first child she had a similar drop in interest that resolved on its own by around eighteen months.
She and her partner have been together eleven years and both describe the relationship as close. He has offered to attend sessions. She sought the referral herself and has already read about pelvic floor physiotherapy. Her physician took the concern seriously and referred without delay.
The Four Columns
PredisposingLongstanding factors that increased vulnerability before the problem began.
PrecipitatingEvents or changes that triggered onset.
PerpetuatingFactors currently maintaining the problem.
ProtectiveStrengths and resources that buffer the problem or support recovery.
Some factors belong in more than one column. Where that is the case, the model formulation says so and explains what changes depending on where you place it.
Task One
Sort the clinical information
Select a column for each item. You can change any answer before checking.
0 of 15 placed
Task Two
Which perpetuating factors would you target first?
You cannot work on everything at once. Name the two or three perpetuating factors you would prioritise, and say why you chose those over the others.
Model Response
There is no single correct set. What follows is one defensible prioritisation and the reasoning behind it. Compare your logic rather than your list.
The selection criteria matter more than the selectionA factor earns priority when it is currently active, modifiable, and load-bearing, meaning other factors depend on it. Renata has five perpetuating factors and cannot address all five at once.
First: pelvic floor guarding and pain anticipationThis is load-bearing. The bracing maintains the increased resting tone, the tone makes penetration more likely to hurt, and the anticipated pain maintains the bracing. Nothing else moves easily while this loop is running, and it is the factor with the clearest treatment pathway. Refer to pelvic floor physiotherapy. She has already read about it, which lowers the cost of the referral.
Second: the withdrawal of non-sexual affectionShe stopped hugging and kissing to avoid an implied invitation. He stopped initiating to avoid pressure. Each reads the other's withdrawal as loss of interest. These two factors are one system and should be treated as one target. Restoring non-demand physical contact addresses both, and is available immediately without waiting on the physiotherapy.
Third, and lower: the beliefs about lubricant and spontaneityBoth are modifiable through psychoeducation and are worth correcting, but neither is holding the pattern in place on its own. They are cheap to address and can run alongside the first two rather than competing with them.
Not a first target: sleep deprivationReal, contributory, and largely not modifiable while two young children wake at night. Naming it as a genuine constraint is useful, since it also tells Renata that some of what she is experiencing is situational rather than a fault in her. Building a treatment plan that depends on it resolving is not.
The error this task is testing The most common mistake is targeting precipitating factors. The tear has healed and she stopped breastfeeding five months ago, so neither is still operating. Treatment addresses what is maintaining the problem now, not what started it. The same applies to the predisposing column: her upbringing and her history of painful periods explain why she was vulnerable, and neither is something treatment can change.